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Enumerated powers

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The enumerated powers are a list of specific responsibilities found in Article 1 Section 8 of the United States Constitution, which iterates the authority granted to the United States Congress. Congress may exercise only those powers that are granted to it by the Constitution, limited by the Bill of Rights and the other protections found in the Constitutional text.

The classical statement of a government of enumerated powers is that by Chief Justice Marshall in McCulloch v. Maryland:

This government is acknowledged by all, to be one of enumerated powers. The principle, that it can exercise only the powers granted to it, would seem too apparent, to have required to be enforced by all those arguments, which its enlightened friends, while it was depending before the people, found it necessary to urge; that principle is now universally admitted.

Contents [hide] 1 Necessary and Proper Clause 2 Commerce Clause 3 Tenth Amendment 4 Recent case law 5 Enumerated Powers Act 6 See also 7 External links

[edit] Necessary and Proper Clause

Interpretation of the Necessary-and-proper clause has been controversial especially during the early years of the republic. Strict constructionists interpret the clause to mean that Congress may make a law only if the inability to do so would cripple its ability to apply one of its enumerated powers. Loose constructionists, on the other hand, feel that the Necessary and Proper Clause expands the authority of Congress to all areas tangentially related to one of its enumerated powers. It is often known as the "elastic clause" because of the great amount of leeway in interpretation it allows; depending on the interpretation, it can be "stretched" to expand the powers of Congress, or allowed to "contract", limiting Congress. In practical usage, the elastic clause has been paired with the commerce clause in particular to provide the constitutional basis for a wide variety of expansive federal laws.

[edit] Commerce Clause

The use of the Commerce Clause by Congress to justify a wide range of legislation has been the subject of long, intense political controversy. Interpretation of the sixteen words of the Commerce Clause has helped define the balance of power between the federal government and individual states. Congress has cited its authority under the Commerce Clause for the authority to pass laws in realms of human behavior not mentioned in the Constitution. The Supreme Court has nearly always upheld this argument, and taken a broad view of what activities might affect interstate commerce. An example frequently used to illustrate this point is the Wickard v. Filburn (1942) case, in which growing wheat on one's own land for one's own consumption was ruled to affect interstate commerce.

[edit] Tenth Amendment

The Tenth Amendment is cited as constitutional ground denying Congress the right to pass any law it sees fit. However, in the courts, the broad interpretation of the Commerce Clause has consistently trumped the arguments of those who claim that the Tenth Amendment should set substantial limits on the power of Congress.

[edit] Recent case law

The case of United States v. Lopez 514 U.S. 549 held unconstitutional the Gun Free School Zone Act because it exceeded the power of Congress to "regulate commerce... among the several states." Then Chief Justice William Rehnquist wrote, "We start with first principles. The Constitution creates a Federal Government of enumerated powers." For the first time in 60 years, the Court found a federal statute to have exceeded the commerce power of Congress. Rehnquist's opinion in Lopez thus shocked many legal scholars.

For more details see: The Rehnquist Court and the Commerce Clause

[edit] Enumerated Powers Act

The Enumerated Powers Act, H.R. 2458, is a proposed law that would require all bills introduced in the U.S. Congress to include a statement setting forth the specific constitutional authority under which the law is being enacted. In every Congress since the 104th Congress, U.S. Congressman John Shadegg has introduced the Enumerated Powers Act, although it has not been passed into law. At the beginning of the 105th Congress, the House of Representatives incorporated the substantive requirement of the Enumerated Powers Act into the House rules.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] See also

• New federalism
• Originalism
• Strict constructionism
• Constitution in exile
• Compact theory

[edit] External links

• Constitutional Studies, 10th Amendment, Enumerated powers from the Cato Institute
• Annotations on enumerated powers from FindLaw
• Text of the Enumerated Powers Act
• Committees on Enumerated Powers: How Congress Can Revive the Constitution from the Center for Constitutional Studies

[hide] v • d • e United States Constitution Text (at Wikisource): Preamble and Articles · Bill of Rights · Subsequent Amendments Formation History · Articles of Confederation · Mount Vernon Conference · Annapolis Convention · Philadelphia Convention · Virginia Plan · New Jersey Plan · Connecticut Compromise · Three-Fifths Compromise · Signatories · Federalist Papers (list) · Massachusetts Compromise Articles Preamble · One · Two · Three · Four · Five · Six · Seven Amendments Bill of Rights · Ratified · Proposed · Unsuccessful · Conventions to propose · State ratifying conventions Clauses Appointments · Appropriations · Case or Controversy · Citizenship · Commerce · Compact · Confrontation · Contract · Copyright and Patent · Due Process · Emolument · Equal Protection · Establishment · Exceptions · Ex post facto · Extradition · Free Exercise · Fugitive Slave · Full Faith and Credit · General Welfare  · Guarantee · Impeachment · Militia · Natural–born citizen · Necessary-and-Proper · No Religious Test · Origination · Postal · Presentment · Privileges and Immunities · Privileges or Immunities · Speech or Debate · Supremacy · Suspension · Taxing and Spending · Territorial · Treaty · Trial by Jury · Vesting · War Powers Interpretation Theory · Concurrent powers · Congressional enforcement · Double jeopardy · Dormant Commerce Clause · Enumerated powers · Executive privilege · Incorporation of the Bill of Rights · Nondelegation doctrine · Preamble · Preemption · Separation of church and state · Separation of powers

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enumerated_powers"

Categories: Federalism | Legislative branch of the United States government | Legal history of the United States | United States Constitution

Instapundit

WELL, OKAY, BUT DID RON PAUL EVER CLAIM to be a "compassionate conservative?" Though admittedly, congratulating the University of Kansas' football team isn't within Congress's enumerated powers either . . . .

Posted at by Glenn Reynolds at 6:07 pm Link
Comments Off.

ANN ALTHOUSE HAS SOME THOUGHTS on Rudy Giuliani, abortion, and federalism. A couple of observations:

First, Ann refers to federalism's role (under the inaccurate moniker of "states' rights") as a shibboleth for anti-desegregation forces. The segregationists used it as a slogan, naturally enough, because federalism was a popular idea that had appeal to people beyond their ranks. That's usually why people choose such things. But, of course, the promiscuous way they deployed it in the service of a bad cause had the effect of undermining its appeal. (People on the left have managed to do the same thing to the notion of "equality" over more recent decades). Nonetheless, despite its abuse at the hands of segregationists, federalism plays a lot of positive roles in our system as well, roles that have nothing to do with race. I explore those at some length in my essay, Is Democracy Like Sex?, which looks at the unappreciated benefits of a number of Constitutional features.

Federalism is also relevant to abortion debates. Dave Kopel and I argued, in fact, that a proper reading of Congress's enumerated powers doesn't allow for federal regulation of abortion. I rather doubt that Rudy is taking that position himself, though I'd be gratified if he were.

Posted at by Glenn Reynolds at 9:57 am Link
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The Volokh Conspiracy - - The Volokh Conspiracy Who Are We? Subscribe E-Mail Policy Linking Policy Stuff Blogroll Archives Pre-2004 ... ... , limited enumerated powers, express prohibitions on federal ... ... separation of powers, federalism, limited enumerated powers, ... http://volokh.com/archives/archive_2004_05_07.shtml The Volokh Conspiracy - - The Volokh Conspiracy Who Are We? Subscribe E-Mail Policy Linking Policy Stuff Blogroll Archives Pre-2004 ... ... enumerated powers (even setting aside the First Amendment ... http://volokh.com/archives/archive_2006_05_21-2006_05_27.shtml The Volokh Conspiracy - - The Volokh Conspiracy Who Are We? Subscribe E-Mail Policy Linking Policy Stuff Blogroll Archives Pre-2004 ... http://volokh.com/archives/archive_2006_05_14-2006_05_20.shtml The Volokh Conspiracy - - The Volokh Conspiracy Who Are We? Subscribe E-Mail Policy Linking Policy Stuff Blogroll Archives Pre-2004 ... ... was limited to its enumerated powers, the states were left to the ... ... Government of enumerated powers." For the first time in 60 years, ... http://volokh.com/archives/archive_2005_09_04-2005_09_10.shtml The Volokh Conspiracy - - The Volokh Conspiracy Who Are We? Subscribe E-Mail Policy Linking Policy Stuff Blogroll Archives Pre-2004 ... ... Congress to its enumerated powers, while the Ninth Amendment argued ... http://volokh.com/archives/archive_2004_02_15-2004_02_21.shtml The Volokh Conspiracy The Volokh Conspiracy HOME ARCHIVES SEARCH E-mail policy Get posts by e-mail WE: Eugene Michelle Juan ... ... Congress to its enumerated powers, while the Ninth Amendment argued ... http://volokh.com/2004_02_15_volokh_archive.html •  Friday, 31 December 2004, 7:48pm GMT •  181.8k The Volokh Conspiracy The Volokh Conspiracy HOME ARCHIVES SEARCH janes Get posts by e-mail WE: Eugene Sasha Michelle Juan Erik ... ... on Congress's enumerated powers. If the challengers win on either ... ... on Congress's enumerated powers, or so his votes in the ... ... enumerated powers. If the challengers win on either argument, ... ... enumerated powers, or so his votes in the federalism cases ... ... enumerated powers. True, he wrote an article 30 years ago ... http://volokh.com/2002_10_06_volokh_archive.html •  Friday, 31 December 2004, 7:41pm GMT •  151.4k The Volokh Conspiracy - - The Volokh Conspiracy Who Are We? Subscribe E-Mail Policy Linking Policy Stuff Blogroll Archives Pre-2004 ... ... the enumerated powers scheme (though judicial conservatives are ... http://volokh.com/archives/archive_2004_05_00.shtml The Volokh Conspiracy The Volokh Conspiracy HOME ARCHIVES SEARCH E-mail policy Get posts by e-mail WE: Eugene Michelle Juan ... ... the enumerated powers scheme (though judicial conservatives are ... http://volokh.com/2004_05_02_volokh_archive.html •  Friday, 31 December 2004, 7:52pm GMT •  151.8k The Volokh Conspiracy - - The Volokh Conspiracy Who Are We? Subscribe E-Mail Policy Linking Policy Stuff Blogroll Archives Pre-2004 ... ... the enumerated powers scheme (though judicial conservatives are ... http://volokh.com/archives/archive_2004_05_02-2004_05_08.shtml

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